Transportation

Azerbaijan — Republic of Azerbaijan — a state in the Eastern part of Transcaucasia; in the East it is washed by the Caspian Sea. Total area is 86,600 sq km. Population — 7.398 million people (1993), townspeople — 54%; Azerbaijani (5.805 million people, 1989), Armenians, Russians and others. Official language — Azerbaijani. Most faithful are Moslems. The capital is Baku. Head of the state — President. Supreme legislative body — parliament (Majlis).

Armenia — Republic of Armenia — a state in the South of Transcaucasia. Total area is 29,800 sq km. Population — 3.8 million people (1995), townspeople — 69.5%; Armenians (3.084 million people, 1989), Russians, Kurds and others. The capital is Yerevan. Head of the state — President. Legislative body — Supreme Soviet. Official language — Armenian. In the structure of gross domestic product: industry — 48.3%, agriculture — 25.7%. Power generation is 9.5 billion of kilowatt-hour. The key industries are: mechanical engineering, metal-working, chemical and petrochemical, non-ferrous metallurgy, construction materials manufacturing, including manufacturing on the basis of variegated tuffs, pearlites, limestone, granite and marble exploration.

Byelorussia — Republic of Byelorussia. Total area is 207,600 sq km. Population — 10.279 million people (1995), townspeople — 67%; Byelorussians (7.905 million people, 1989), Russians, Poles, Ukrainians, Jews and others. There is 6 regions, 117 areas, 99 cities, 112 towns (1989). Official language — Byelorussian. The capital is Minsk. The key industries are: automotive, tractor-building, machine-tool construction, agricultural engineering, radio electronics, electrical engineering, instrument-making; chemical and petrochemical: potash, phosphoric, nitrogen fertilizers, synthetic and artificial fibre, tires, oil-refining industry, light industry.

Georgia — Republic of Georgia — a state in the Central and in the western part of Transcaucasia. In the West it is washed by the Black Sea. Total area is 69,700 sq km. Population — 5.493 million people (1993), townspeople — 56%, Georgians (3.787 million people, 1990), Ossetins, Abkhazians, Armenian, Russians, Azerbaijanian and others. Official language — Georgian. The capital is Tbilisi. Head of the state — President. Legislative body — Parliament. The key industries are: flavoring (including tea, packing, wine industry, tung and aromatic essential oil manufacturing, mineral water bottling, etc.), light, mechanical engineering, chemical and petrochemical, oil-refining industry, ferrous metallurgy.

Kazakhstan — Republic of Kazakhstan — a state in the Central part of Eurasia. Total area is 2,717,300 sq km. Population — 16.6 million people (1995), townspeople — 58%, Kazakhs (6.535 million people, 1989), Russians, Germans, Ukrainians, Tatars, Uzbeks, Byelorussians, Uigurs and others. Official language — Kazakh. The capital is Akmola. Head of the state — President (since 1991). Legislative body — unicameral Supreme Soviet. The key industries are: ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical industry, mechanical engineering, light and food industry. Petroleum refining, and building materials manufacturing are well developed as well.

Kyrgyzstan (Kirghizia) — Republic of Kyrgyzstan — a state in the North-East of Central Asia. Total area is 198,500 sq km. Population — 4.45 million people (1995), townspeople — 38%, Kirghizes (2.23 million people, 1989), Russians, Uzbeks, Ukrainians, and others. Official language — Kirghiz. The capital is Bishkek. Head of the state — President. Legislative body — Parliament.

Lithuania — Republic of Lithuania — a state in the Eastern Europe, in Baltic region, it is washed by Baltic Sea. Total area is 65,200 sq km. Population — 3.76 million people (1996), townspeople — 68,5% (1993), Lithuanian (2.924 million people, 1989), Russians, Poles, and others. Official language — Lithuanian. Political division: 11 municipalities, 10 counties (1996). The capital is Vilnius. Head of the state — President. Legislative body — unicameral Parliament (Seimas). The key industries are: mechanical engineering, metal-working (instrument-making, machine-tool construction, shipbuilding, electrical engineering, etc.), chemical and petrochemical (artificial fibre, fertilizer, etc. manufacturing), light (knitting, cotton industry, etc.), food (meat and milk, cheese-making, fish industry, etc.).

Moldova — Republic of Moldova — a state in the South-East of Europe. Total area is 33,700 sq km. Population — 4.391 million people (1995), Moldavians (65%), Ukrainians, Russians, Gagauz, etc. Townspeople — 47%. Official language — Moldavian. Political division: 40 regions. The capital is Kishinev. Head of the state — President. Legislative body — unicameral Parliament. Moldova — industrial and agrarian country. The key industry is flavoring industry. Mechanical engineering, chemical, woodworking, metallurgy, light industry is developing.

Russia — Russian Federation — a state in the Eastern part of Europe and in the Northern part of Asia. Total area is 17,075,400 sq km. Population — 147.5 million people, Russians — 81.5%, more than 100 nations live here. Townspeople — 73%. There are 1,066 cities and 2,270 towns. The capital is Moscow. Russia is democratic federal state with republican form of government. Head of the state — President of Russian Federation.

Ukraine — a state in the South part of Eastern Europe. In the South it is washed by the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. Total area is 603,700 sq km. Population — 48.5 million people, townspeople — 68%; Ukrainians (37.419 million people), Russians, Jews, Byelorussians, Moldavians, Poles, Romanians, Tatar, etc. Official language — Ukrainian. Ukraine consists of 24 regions, 2 municipalities, and 1 territorial autonomy Autonomous Republic Crimea. The capital is Kiev. Head of the state — President. Legislative body — Supreme Council (Verkhovna Rada).

Austria — Republic of Austria, Republik Osterreich — a state in the Central Europe, in the Danube basin. Total area is 83,800 sq km. Population — 7.9 million people (1993), 98% — Austrian. Townspeople — 64.5% (1991). Official language — German. Austria — is a federation, consisting of 9 states. The capital is Vienna. Head of the state — President. Legislative body — parliament of two houses (National Council and Federal Council). Austria is one of the top European countries with well-developed economy. More than 20% of industrial products are manufactured in state sector (metallurgical industry, mineral resource, and power engineering).

Bulgaria — Republic of Bulgaria — a state in the South of Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula, it is washed by the Black Sea. Total area is 110,900 sq km. Population — 8.47 million people (1993), mainly Bulgarians, but there are also Turks, Gipsies and others. Townspeople — 67% (1993). Official language — Bulgarian. The capital is Sofia. Head of the state — President. Legislative body — unicameral National Assembly. The key industries are: mechanical engineering (manufacturing of electric hoists and electric carts, tractors, agricultural machines, computers, machine-tools), flavoring (tobacco, packing industry), ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical, woodworking. Plant cultivation prevails in agriculture.

Czechia — Czech Republic — a state in the Central Europe. Total area is 78,900 sq km. Population — 10.3 million people (1993), Czechs — 81.3%, Slovaks — 3%. Official language — Czech. Political division: 75 regions. The capital is Prague. Head of the state — President. Legislative body — Parliament of two houses (Senate and Chamber of Deputies).

Denmark — Kingdom of Denmark — a state in the Northern Europe, on the Jutland Peninsula and the major islands of Sjaelland and Fyn. Total area is 43,100 sq km. Population — 5.19 million people (1993), over 97% — Danes. Townspeople — 84.9% (1992). Official language — Danish. Political division: 14 counties (amter). The capital is Copenhagen. Denmark is constitutional monarchy. Head of the state — Queen. Legislative body — unicameral Parliament (Folketing).

France — French Republic — a state in the Western Europe, in the West and North it is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and by the English Channel, in the South — by the Mediterranean Sea. Total area is 551,000 sq km. Population — 58.3 million people (1994), French — 93%. Townspeople — 75%. Official language — French. Political division: 96 departments. The overseas departments Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guiana, Reunion, Saint Pierre and Miquelon; the overseas territorial collectivities New Caledonia, French Polynesia belong to France. The capital is Paris. Head of the state — President. Legislative body — Parliament of two houses (National Assembly and Senate).

Germany — Federal Republic of Germany — a state in the Central Europe, it is washed by the North Sea and by the Baltic Sea. Total area is 357,000 sq km. Population — 81.2 million people (1993), more than 90% — Germans. Townspeople — over 85%. Official language — German. Germany is a federation, consisting of 16 states. Head of the state — President; head of government — federal Chancellor. Legislative body — Bundestag, states' authority — Bundesrat. The capital is Berlin.

Greece — Republic of Greece — a state in the South Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula and numerous islands (the largest are: Crete, Evbea, Rodos, Lesbos). Total area is 132,000 sq km. Population — 10.3 million people (1993), over 95% — Greeks. Townspeople — 62.5% (1990). Official language — Greek. Political division: 52 prefectures (nomos). The capital is Athens. Head of the state — President. Legislative body — unicameral Parliament. Greece — industrial and agrarian country. The key industries are: light, flavoring. Farming prevails in agriculture.

Netherlands — The Kingdom of the Netherlands, informal name — Holland, a state in the Western Europe, on the cost of North Sea. Total area is 41,500 sq km. Population — 15.3 million people (1993), mainly Dutch. Townspeople — 89% (1992). Official language — Dutch. Political division: 12 provinces. The capital is Amsterdam. The Hague is the seat of government. Dependent areas: Netherlands Antilles, Aruba. Netherlands — it's a constitutional monarchy. Head of the state — King (or Queen). Legislative body — parliament of two houses (States General).

Hungary — Republic of Hungary — a state in the Central Europe. Total area is 93,000 sq km. Population — 10.3 million people (1993), 97% — Hungarians. Townspeople — 62% (1990). Official language — Hungarian. Political division: 19 counties (megye). The capital is Budapest (separate administrative district). Head of the state — President. Legislative body — unicameral National Assembly.

Italy — Republic of Italian Republic — a state in the South of Europe, a peninsula extends into the central Mediterranean Sea. It is located on the Apennine Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia and some other islands. Total area is 301,000 sq km. Population — 57.2 million people (1991), mainly Italians. Townspeople — 67% (1991). Official language — Italian. Political division: 20 regions that include 94 provinces. The capital is Rome. Head of the state — President. Legislative body — Parliament of two houses (Chamber of Deputies and Senate).

Luxemburg — Grand Duchy of Luxembourg — a state in the Western Europe. Total area is 2,600 sq km. Population — 0.392 million people (1993), mainly Luxemburgers. Townspeople — 86% (1991). Official languages — German, French, Luxemburgish. The capital is Luxemburg. Constitutional monarchy. Head of the state — Grand Duke. Legislative body — Chamber of Deputies. Luxemburg is a well-developed industrial country. The key industries are: ferrous metallurgy, chemical, tanning, cement, faience, woodworking, clothing, food industry.

Norway — Kingdom of Norway — a state in the Northern Europe, it occupies western and northern part of Northland and some islands. Total area is 387,000 sq km (including islands' area — 62,000 sq km). Population — 4.3 million people, mainly Norwegian. Townspeople — 75%. Official language — Norwegian. Political division: 19 provinces (fylker). The capital is Oslo. Norway is constitutional monarchy. Head of the state — King. Legislative body — Storting of two houses.

Poland — Republic of Poland — a state in the Europe, in the basin of rivers Vistula and Odra, in the North it is washed by the Baltik Sea. Total area is 312,700 sq km. Population — 38.5 million people, over 98% are Poles. Townspeople — 62.1%. Official language — Polish. Political division: 49 provinces (wojewodztwa). The capital is Warsaw. Head of the state — President (since 1989). Legislative body — bicameral National Assembly (Sejm and Senate).

Spain — a state in the South-West of Europe, occupies the most part of Pyrenean Peninsula, Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea, and Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean. Total area is 504,800 sq km. Population — 39.1 million people (1993), about — Spaniards, the rest part — Catalans, Galicians, Basques. Townspeople — 78,4% (1990). Official language — Spanish. Political division: 17 autonomous communities that include 50 provinces. The capital is Madrid. Spain is constitutional monarchy. Head of the state — King. Legislative body — Parliament of two houses (General Courts). Dependent areas — region of Ceuta and Melilla — cities in the North of African coast.

Switzerland — Swiss Confederation — a state in the Central Europe. Total area is 41,300 sq km. Population — 6.99 million people. Townspeople — 60%. Official languages — Dutch, French, Italian. Switzerland is federal republic consisting of 23 cantons (3 of them are subdivided into semi-cantons. The capital is Bern (Lausanne is the seat of Federal Supreme Court). Head of the state — President. Legislative body — bicameral Federal Assembly (National Council and Council of States).

Turkey — Republic of Turkey — a state in the West of Asia and partially in the South of Europe. It is washed by Mediterranean, Aegean, Black seas, and by Sea of Marmara. Total area is 780,600 sq km. Population — 63 million people (1996), Turks (82%), Kurds (10.6%), etc. Townspeople — 61%. Official language — Turkish. Political division: 8 geographical regions that combine 73 provinces (iller). The capital is Ankara. Head of the state — President. Legislative body — Grand National Assembly.