Transportation
 |
Azerbaijan — Republic of Azerbaijan —
a state in the Eastern part
of Transcaucasia; in the East it is washed by the Caspian Sea.
Total area is 86,600 sq km. Population — 7.398 million people
(1993),
townspeople — 54%; Azerbaijani (5.805 million people, 1989),
Armenians,
Russians and others. Official language — Azerbaijani.
Most faithful are
Moslems. The capital is Baku. Head of the state — President.
Supreme
legislative body — parliament (Majlis).
|
| City | Distance, km |
| âÁËÕ | 1531 |
| äÉ×ÉÞÉ | 1413 |
| ëÕÂÁ | 1367 |
| óÁÍÕÒ | 1327 |
 |
Armenia — Republic of Armenia — a state in the South of Transcaucasia.
Total area is 29,800 sq km. Population — 3.8 million people (1995),
townspeople — 69.5%; Armenians (3.084 million people, 1989),
Russians, Kurds and others. The capital is Yerevan.
Head of the state — President. Legislative body — Supreme Soviet.
Official language — Armenian. In the structure of gross
domestic product: industry — 48.3%, agriculture — 25.7%. Power
generation is 9.5 billion of kilowatt-hour. The key industries
are: mechanical engineering, metal-working, chemical and petrochemical,
non-ferrous metallurgy, construction materials manufacturing,
including manufacturing on
the basis of variegated tuffs, pearlites, limestone, granite
and marble exploration.
|
| City | Distance, km |
| Ashtaran | 1393 |
| Vanadzor | 1299 |
 |
Byelorussia — Republic of Byelorussia. Total area is 207,600 sq km.
Population — 10.279 million people (1995), townspeople — 67%;
Byelorussians (7.905 million people, 1989), Russians, Poles,
Ukrainians, Jews and others. There is 6 regions, 117 areas,
99 cities, 112 towns (1989). Official language — Byelorussian.
The capital is Minsk. The key industries are: automotive,
tractor-building, machine-tool construction, agricultural
engineering, radio electronics, electrical engineering,
instrument-making; chemical and petrochemical: potash, phosphoric,
nitrogen fertilizers, synthetic and artificial fibre, tires,
oil-refining industry, light industry.
|
| City | Distance, km |
| Brest | 1244 |
| Vitebsk | 1207 |
| Gomel | 900 |
| Grodno | 1446 |
| Minsk | 1209 |
 |
Georgia — Republic of Georgia — a state in the Central and
in the western part of Transcaucasia. In the West it is washed
by the Black Sea. Total area is 69,700 sq km. Population — 5.493
million people (1993), townspeople — 56%, Georgians (3.787 million
people, 1990), Ossetins, Abkhazians, Armenian, Russians,
Azerbaijanian and others. Official language — Georgian. The capital
is Tbilisi. Head of the state — President. Legislative body —
Parliament. The key industries are: flavoring (including tea, packing,
wine industry, tung and aromatic essential oil manufacturing, mineral
water bottling, etc.), light, mechanical engineering, chemical and
petrochemical, oil-refining industry, ferrous metallurgy.
|
| City | Distance, km |
| Kazbet | 962 |
| Marneyli | 1156 |
| Tbilisi | 1115 |
 |
Kazakhstan — Republic of Kazakhstan — a state in the Central part
of Eurasia. Total area is 2,717,300 sq km. Population — 16.6 million
people (1995), townspeople — 58%, Kazakhs (6.535 million people, 1989),
Russians, Germans, Ukrainians, Tatars, Uzbeks, Byelorussians, Uigurs and
others. Official language — Kazakh. The capital is Akmola. Head of the
state — President (since 1991). Legislative body — unicameral Supreme
Soviet. The key industries are: ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy,
chemical industry, mechanical engineering, light and food industry.
Petroleum refining, and building materials manufacturing are well
developed as well.
|
| City | Distance, km |
| Almata | 4068 |
| Astana | 3235 |
| Dzhambyl | 3550 |
| Petropavlovsk | 2788 |
 |
Kyrgyzstan (Kirghizia) — Republic of Kyrgyzstan —
a state in the
North-East of Central Asia. Total area is 198,500 sq km.
Population —
4.45 million people (1995), townspeople — 38%, Kirghizes
(2.23 million
people, 1989), Russians, Uzbeks, Ukrainians, and others.
Official language — Kirghiz. The capital is Bishkek. Head of
the state — President. Legislative body — Parliament. |
| City | Distance, km |
| Bishkek | 3838 |
 |
Lithuania — Republic of Lithuania — a state in the Eastern Europe,
in Baltic region, it is washed by Baltic Sea. Total area is 65,200 sq km.
Population — 3.76 million people (1996), townspeople — 68,5% (1993),
Lithuanian (2.924 million people, 1989), Russians, Poles, and others.
Official language — Lithuanian. Political division: 11 municipalities,
10 counties (1996). The capital is Vilnius. Head of the state — President.
Legislative body — unicameral Parliament (Seimas). The key
industries are: mechanical engineering, metal-working (instrument-making,
machine-tool construction, shipbuilding, electrical engineering, etc.),
chemical and petrochemical (artificial fibre, fertilizer, etc.
manufacturing), light (knitting, cotton industry, etc.), food (meat
and milk, cheese-making, fish industry, etc.).
|
| City | Distance, km |
| Kaunas | 1515 |
| Vilnius | 1412 |
 |
Moldova — Republic of Moldova — a state in the South-East of Europe.
Total area is 33,700 sq km. Population — 4.391 million people
(1995), Moldavians (65%), Ukrainians, Russians, Gagauz, etc.
Townspeople — 47%. Official language — Moldavian. Political
division: 40 regions. The capital is Kishinev. Head of the
state — President. Legislative body — unicameral Parliament.
Moldova — industrial and agrarian country. The key industry
is flavoring industry. Mechanical engineering, chemical,
woodworking, metallurgy, light industry is developing.
|
| City | Distance, km |
| Kishinev | 850 |
 |
Russia — Russian Federation — a state in the Eastern part of
Europe and in the Northern part of Asia. Total area is 17,075,400 sq km.
Population — 147.5 million people, Russians — 81.5%, more than 100
nations live here. Townspeople — 73%. There are 1,066 cities and 2,270
towns. The capital is Moscow. Russia is democratic federal state with
republican form of government. Head of the state — President
of Russian Federation.
|
| City | Distance, km |
| Anapa | 589 |
| Arkhangelsk | 2330 |
| Barnaul | 3961 |
| Belgorod | 407 |
| Bryansk | 832 |
| Vladivostok | 9522 |
| Vladimir | 1228 |
| Volgograd | 653 |
| Voronezh | 619 |
| Ekaterinburg | 2373 |
| Kaliningrad | 1746 |
| Kurgan | 2513 |
| Kursk | 546 |
| Maikop | 521 |
| Moscow | 1049 |
| Nalchik | 776 |
| Orel | 703 |
| Penza | 1027 |
| Rostov-on-Don | 170 |
| St. Petersburg | 1735 |
| Saratov | 950 |
| Smolensk | 1075 |
| Syzdal | 1265 |
| Surgut | 3485 |
| Taganrog | 135 |
| Tambov | 828 |
| Tver | 1204 |
| Tomsk | 3968 |
| Tula | 894 |
| Khabarovsk | 8788 |
| Chelyabinsk | 2253 |
| Yakutsk | 8221 |
| Yaroslavl | 1327 |
 |
Ukraine — a state in the South part of Eastern Europe. In
the South it is washed by the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov.
Total area is 603,700 sq km. Population — 48.5 million people,
townspeople — 68%; Ukrainians (37.419 million people),
Russians, Jews, Byelorussians, Moldavians, Poles,
Romanians, Tatar, etc. Official language — Ukrainian.
Ukraine consists of 24 regions, 2 municipalities, and 1
territorial autonomy Autonomous Republic Crimea. The
capital is Kiev. Head of the state — President. Legislative
body — Supreme Council (Verkhovna Rada).
|
| City | Distance, km |
| Vinnitsa | 888 |
| Dnepropetrovsk | 297 |
| Donetsk | 27 |
| Zhitomir | 868 |
| Ivano-Frankovsk | 1230 |
| Kerch | 642 |
| Kiev | 722 |
| Krivoi Rog | 448 |
| Lugansk | 178 |
| Lvov | 1241 |
| Mariupol | 121 |
| Nikolaev | 597 |
| Odessa | 739 |
| Sevastopol | 647 |
| Sumy | 533 |
| Kharkov | 330 |
| Chernigov | 798 |
| Chernovtsy | 1151 |
 |
Austria — Republic of Austria, Republik
Osterreich — a state in the Central Europe, in the Danube
basin. Total area is 83,800 sq km. Population — 7.9 million
people (1993), 98% — Austrian. Townspeople — 64.5% (1991).
Official language — German. Austria — is a federation,
consisting of 9 states. The capital is Vienna. Head of
the state — President. Legislative body — parliament
of
two houses (National Council and Federal Council).
Austria is one of the top European countries with well-developed
economy. More than 20% of industrial products are manufactured
in state sector (metallurgical industry, mineral resource, and
power engineering).
|
| City | Distance, km |
| Graz | 2052 |
| Klagenfurt | 2204 |
| Vienna | 2009 |
 |
Bulgaria — Republic of Bulgaria — a state in the South of Europe,
on the Balkan Peninsula, it is washed by the Black Sea.
Total area is 110,900 sq km. Population — 8.47 million
people (1993), mainly Bulgarians, but there are also
Turks, Gipsies and others. Townspeople — 67% (1993).
Official language — Bulgarian. The capital is Sofia.
Head of the state — President. Legislative body — unicameral
National Assembly. The key industries are: mechanical
engineering (manufacturing of electric hoists and electric
carts, tractors, agricultural machines, computers,
machine-tools), flavoring (tobacco, packing industry),
ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical and
petrochemical, woodworking. Plant cultivation prevails
in agriculture.
|
| City | Distance, km |
| Kazanlyk | 1443 |
| Pleven | 1474 |
| Plovdiv | 1522 |
| Ruse | 1329 |
| Shumen | 1239 |
| Sliven | 1364 |
| Sofia | 1627 |
| Stara Zagora | 1398 |
| Varna | 1150 |
| Veliko Turnovo | 1370 |
 |
Czechia — Czech Republic — a state in the Central Europe.
Total area is 78,900 sq km. Population — 10.3 million people (1993),
Czechs — 81.3%, Slovaks — 3%. Official language — Czech.
Political division: 75 regions. The capital is Prague.
Head of the state — President. Legislative body —
Parliament of two houses (Senate and Chamber of Deputies).
|
| City | Distance, km |
| Ostrava | 1734 |
| Plzen | 2098 |
| Prague | 2007 |
| Tabor | 2094 |
 |
Denmark — Kingdom of Denmark — a state in the Northern Europe,
on the Jutland Peninsula and the major islands of Sjaelland and Fyn.
Total area is 43,100 sq km. Population — 5.19 million people (1993),
over 97% — Danes. Townspeople — 84.9% (1992). Official
language — Danish. Political division: 14 counties
(amter). The capital is Copenhagen. Denmark
is constitutional monarchy. Head of the state —
Queen. Legislative body — unicameral Parliament (Folketing).
|
| City | Distance, km |
| Copenhagen | 2293 |
 |
France — French Republic — a state in
the Western Europe, in the West and North it
is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and by the
English Channel, in the South — by the
Mediterranean Sea. Total area is 551,000 sq km.
Population — 58.3 million people (1994), French — 93%.
Townspeople — 75%. Official language — French.
Political division: 96 departments. The overseas
departments Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guiana, Reunion,
Saint Pierre and Miquelon; the overseas territorial
collectivities New Caledonia, French Polynesia belong
to France. The capital is Paris. Head of the state —
President. Legislative body — Parliament of two houses
(National Assembly and Senate).
|
| City | Distance, km |
| Lyon | 3116 |
| Marseille | 3268 |
| Orlean | 3211 |
| Paris | 3106 |
| Reiws | 2967 |
| Ruen | 3242 |
| Toulouse | 3649 |
 |
Germany — Federal Republic of Germany — a state
in the Central Europe, it is washed by the North
Sea and by the Baltic Sea. Total area is
357,000 sq km. Population — 81.2 million people
(1993), more than 90% — Germans.
Townspeople — over 85%. Official language — German.
Germany is a federation, consisting of 16 states.
Head of the state — President; head of
government — federal Chancellor.
Legislative body — Bundestag, states' authority — Bundesrat.
The capital is Berlin.
|
| City | Distance, km |
| Berlin | 2002 |
| Bonn | 2515 |
| Bremen | 2014 |
| Dortmund | 2585 |
| Dresden | 2543 |
| Dusseldorf | 2250 |
| Frankfurt | 2289 |
| Hamburg | 2625 |
| Hannover | 2310 |
| Koln | 2517 |
| Nuremberg | 3000 |
 |
Greece — Republic of Greece — a state in the
South Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula and numerous
islands (the largest are: Crete, Evbea, Rodos, Lesbos).
Total area is 132,000 sq km. Population — 10.3 million
people (1993), over 95% — Greeks. Townspeople — 62.5% (1990).
Official language — Greek. Political division: 52 prefectures
(nomos). The capital is Athens. Head of the
state — President. Legislative body — unicameral
Parliament. Greece — industrial and agrarian country.
The key industries are: light, flavoring.
Farming prevails in agriculture.
|
| City | Distance, km |
| Athens | 2337 |
 |
Netherlands — The Kingdom of the Netherlands,
informal name — Holland, a state in the Western
Europe, on the cost of North Sea. Total area is
41,500 sq km. Population — 15.3 million people
(1993), mainly Dutch. Townspeople — 89% (1992).
Official language — Dutch. Political division:
12 provinces. The capital is Amsterdam. The Hague
is the seat of government. Dependent areas:
Netherlands Antilles, Aruba. Netherlands — it's
a constitutional monarchy. Head of
the state — King (or Queen). Legislative body — parliament
of two houses (States General).
|
| City | Distance, km |
| Amsterdam | 2669 |
| Apeldoorn | 2581 |
 |
Hungary — Republic of Hungary — a state in
the Central Europe. Total area is 93,000 sq km.
Population — 10.3 million people (1993), 97% — Hungarians.
Townspeople — 62% (1990). Official language — Hungarian.
Political division: 19 counties (megye). The capital is
Budapest (separate administrative district). Head of the
state — President. Legislative body — unicameral National Assembly.
|
| City | Distance, km |
| Budapest | 1765 |
| Miskolc | 1591 |
 |
Italy — Republic of Italian Republic — a
state in the South of Europe, a peninsula
extends into the central Mediterranean Sea. It
is located on the Apennine Peninsula, Sicily,
Sardinia and some other islands. Total area
is 301,000 sq km. Population — 57.2 million
people (1991), mainly Italians. Townspeople — 67% (1991).
Official language — Italian. Political division: 20 regions
that include 94 provinces. The capital is Rome. Head of the
state — President. Legislative body — Parliament of two
houses (Chamber of Deputies and Senate).
|
| City | Distance, km |
| Bergamo | 2705 |
| Milano | 2755 |
| Roma | 2723 |
| Torino | 2899 |
 |
Luxemburg — Grand Duchy of Luxembourg — a
state in the Western Europe. Total area
is 2,600 sq km. Population — 0.392 million
people (1993), mainly Luxemburgers.
Townspeople — 86% (1991). Official languages — German,
French, Luxemburgish. The capital is Luxemburg.
Constitutional monarchy. Head of the state — Grand
Duke. Legislative body — Chamber of Deputies.
Luxemburg is a well-developed industrial country.
The key industries are: ferrous metallurgy,
chemical, tanning, cement, faience, woodworking,
clothing, food industry.
|
| City | Distance, km |
| Luxemburg | 2708 |
 |
Norway — Kingdom of Norway — a state in the
Northern Europe, it occupies western and
northern part of Northland and some islands.
Total area is 387,000 sq km (including
islands' area — 62,000 sq km). Population — 4.3
million people, mainly Norwegian. Townspeople — 75%.
Official language — Norwegian. Political division: 19
provinces (fylker). The capital is Oslo. Norway is
constitutional monarchy. Head of the state — King.
Legislative body — Storting of two houses.
|
| City | Distance, km |
| Oslo | 2759 |
 |
Poland — Republic of Poland — a state
in the Europe, in the basin of rivers
Vistula and Odra, in the North it is washed
by the Baltik Sea. Total area is 312,700 sq km.
Population — 38.5 million people, over 98% are Poles.
Townspeople — 62.1%. Official language — Polish.
Political division: 49 provinces (wojewodztwa).
The capital is Warsaw. Head of the state — President
(since 1989). Legislative body — bicameral National
Assembly (Sejm and Senate).
|
| City | Distance, km |
| Kielce | 1447 |
| Krakow | 1565 |
| Lublin | 1271 |
| Poznan | 1739 |
| Radom | 1372 |
| Warszawa | 1434 |
 |
Spain — a state in the South-West of Europe,
occupies the most part of Pyrenean Peninsula,
Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea,
and Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean.
Total area is 504,800 sq km. Population — 39.1
million people (1993), about — Spaniards,
the rest part — Catalans, Galicians, Basques.
Townspeople — 78,4% (1990). Official
language — Spanish. Political division: 17 autonomous
communities that include 50 provinces. The capital
is Madrid. Spain is constitutional monarchy. Head
of the state — King. Legislative body — Parliament
of two houses (General Courts). Dependent
areas — region of Ceuta and Melilla — cities
in the North of African coast.
|
| City | Distance, km |
| Burgos | 4050 |
| Madrid | 4297 |
| San Sebastian | 3820 |
 |
Switzerland — Swiss Confederation — a
state in the Central Europe. Total
area is 41,300 sq km. Population — 6.99 million
people. Townspeople — 60%. Official
languages — Dutch, French, Italian. Switzerland
is federal republic consisting of 23 cantons (3
of them are subdivided into semi-cantons. The
capital is Bern (Lausanne is the seat of Federal
Supreme Court). Head of the state — President.
Legislative body — bicameral Federal Assembly
(National Council and Council of States).
|
| City | Distance, km |
| Bern | 2846 |
| Zurich | 2728 |
 |
Turkey — Republic of Turkey — a state
in the West of Asia and partially in the
South of Europe. It is washed by Mediterranean,
Aegean, Black seas, and by Sea of
Marmara. Total area is 780,600 sq km.
Population — 63 million people (1996),
Turks (82%), Kurds (10.6%), etc. Townspeople — 61%.
Official language — Turkish. Political division: 8
geographical regions that combine 73 provinces (iller).
The capital is Ankara. Head of the state — President.
Legislative body — Grand National Assembly.
|
| City | Distance, km |
| Ankara | 1494 |
| Istanbul | 1352 |
|
|